Buddhist practices[edit]
Buddhist devotion[edit]
Main article: Buddhist devotion
- Taking refuge in the Triple Gem
- Worship (pūjā) — see also:Abhisheka
- Offerings
- Prostration (panipāta • namas-kara)
- Chanting
- Mantra
- Om mani padme hum
- Namo Amituofo
- Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō
- Buddho
- Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa — Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Fully Self-enlightened One
- Mantra
Moral discipline and precepts (Sīla • Śīla)[edit]
Main article: Śīla
- Five Precepts (pañca-sīlāni • pañca-śīlāni)
- Abstaining from taking life (pāṇātipātā veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from taking what is not given (adinnādānā veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from sexual misconduct (kāmesu micchācāra veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from false speech (musāvāda veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from drinks and drugs that cause heedlessness (surā-meraya-majja-pamādaṭṭhānā veramaṇī)
- Eight Precepts (aṭṭhasīla)
- Abstaining from taking life (both human and non-human)
- Abstaining from taking what is not given (stealing)
- Abstaining from all sexual activity
- Abstaining from telling lies
- Abstaining from using intoxicating drinks and drugs which lead to carelessness
- Abstaining from eating at the wrong time (the right time is eating once, after sunrise, before noon)
- Abstaining from singing, dancing, playing music, attendingentertainment performances, wearing perfume, and using cosmeticsand garlands (decorative accessories)
- Abstaining from luxurious places for sitting or sleeping
- Ten Precepts (dasasīla)
- Abstaining from killing living things
- Abstaining from stealing
- Abstaining from un-chastity (sensuality, sexuality, lust)
- Abstaining from lying
- Abstaining from taking intoxicants
- Abstaining from taking food at inappropriate times (after noon)
- Abstaining from singing, dancing, playing music or attending entertainment programs (performances)
- Abstaining from wearing perfume, cosmetics and garland (decorative accessories)
- Abstaining from sitting on high chairs and sleeping on luxurious, soft beds
- Abstaining from accepting money
- Sixteen Precepts
- Three Treasures
- Taking refuge in the Buddha
- Taking refuge in the Dharma
- Taking refuge in the Sangha
- Three Pure Precepts
- Not Creating Evil
- Practicing Good
- Actualizing Good For Others
- Ten Grave Precepts
- Affirm life; Do not kill
- Be giving; Do not steal
- Honor the body; Do not misuse sexuality
- Manifest truth; Do not lie
- Proceed clearly; Do not cloud the mind
- See the perfection; Do not speak of others errors and faults
- Realize self and other as one; Do not elevate the self and blame others
- Give generously; Do not be withholding
- Actualize harmony; Do not be angry
- Experience the intimacy of things; Do not defile the Three Treasures
- Three Treasures
- Vinaya
- Pātimokkha (Pratimoksha) — the code of monastic rules binding on members of the Buddhist monastic order
- Parajika (defeats) — four rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life
- Sexual intercourse, that is, any voluntary sexual interaction between a bhikkhu and a living being, except for mouth-to-mouth intercourse which falls under the sanghadisesa
- Stealing, that is, the robbery of anything worth more than 1/24troy ounce of gold (as determined by local law.)
- Intentionally bringing about the death of a human being, even if it is still an embryo — whether by killing the person, arranging for an assassin to kill the person, inciting the person to die, or describing the advantages of death
- Deliberately lying to another person that one has attained a superior human state, such as claiming to be an arahant when one knows one is not, or claiming to have attained one of thejhanas when one knows one hasn't
- Sanghadisesa — thirteen rules requiring an initial and subsequent meeting of the sangha (communal meetings)
- Aniyata — two indefinite rules where a monk is accused of having committed an offence with a woman in a screened (enclosed) or private place by a lay person
- Nissaggiya pacittiya — thirty rules entailing "confession with forfeiture"
- Pacittiya — ninety-two rules entailing confession
- Patidesaniya — four violations which must be verbally acknowledged
- Sekhiyavatta — seventy-five rules of training, which are mainly about the deportment of a monk
- Sāruppa — proper behavior
- Bhojanapatisamyutta — food
- Dhammadesanāpatisamyutta — teaching dhamma
- Pakinnaka — miscellaneous
- Adhikarana-samatha — seven rules for settlement of legal processes that concern monks only
- Parajika (defeats) — four rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life
- Pātimokkha (Pratimoksha) — the code of monastic rules binding on members of the Buddhist monastic order
- Bodhisattva vows
- Samaya — a set of vows or precepts given to initiates of an esotericVajrayana Buddhist order
- Ascetic practices (dhutanga) — a group of thirteen austerities, or ascetic practices, most commonly observed by Forest Monastics of theTheravada Tradition of Buddhism
Three Resolutions[edit]
- To abstain from all evil (sabbapāpassa akaraṇaṃ)
- To cultivate the good (kusalassa upasampadā)
- To purify one's mind (sacittapariyodapanaṃ)
Three Pillars of Dharma[edit]
- Generosity (dāna)
- Morality (sīla • śīla)
- Meditation (bhāvanā)
Threefold Training (Sikkhā)[edit]
Main article: Threefold Training
- The training in the higher moral discipline (adhisīla-sikkhā) — morality(sīla • śīla)
- The training in the higher mind (adhicitta-sikkhā) — concentration(samādhi)
- The training in the higher wisdom (adhipaññā-sikkhā) — wisdom (paññā •prajñā)
Five Qualities[edit]
- Faith (saddhā • śraddhā)
- Morality (sīla • śīla)
- Learning (suta)
- Generosity (cāga)
- Wisdom (paññā • prajñā)
Five Powers of a Trainee[edit]
- Faith (saddhā • śraddhā)
- Conscience (hiri) — an innate sense of shame over moral transgression
- Concern (ottappa) — moral dread, fear of the results of wrongdoing
- Energy (viriya • vīrya)
- Wisdom (paññā • prajñā)
Five Things that lead to Awakening[edit]
- Admirable friendship (kalyāṇa-mittatā • kalyāṇa-mitratā)
- Morality (sīla • śīla)
- Hearing the Dhamma
- Exertion (viriya • vīrya)
- Awareness of impermanence (anicca-ñāṇa)
Five Subjects for Contemplation[edit]
Main article: Upajjhatthana Sutta
- I am subject to ageing, I am not exempt from ageing
- I am subject to illness, I am not exempt from illness
- I am subject to death, I am not exempt from death
- There will be change and separation from all that I hold dear and near to me
- I am the owner of my actions, heir to my actions, I am born of my actions, I am related to my actions and I have my actions as refuge; whatever I do, good or evil, of that I will be the heir
Gradual training (Anupubbikathā)[edit]
Main articles: Gradual training and Anupubbikathā
- Generosity (dāna)
- Virtue (sīla • śīla)
- Heaven (sagga)
- Danger of sensual pleasure (kāmānaṃ ādīnava)
- Renunciation (nekkhamma)
- The Four Noble Truths (cattāri ariyasaccāni • catvāri āryasatyāni)
Seven Good Qualities (Satta saddhammā)[edit]
- Faith (saddhā • śraddhā)
- Conscience (hiri)
- Moral dread (ottappa)
- Learning (suta)
- Energy (viriya • vīrya)
- Mindfulness (sati • smṛti)
- Wisdom (paññā • prajñā)
Ten Meritorious Deeds (Punnakiriya vatthu)[edit]
- Generosity (dāna)
- Morality (sīla • śīla)
- Meditation (bhāvanā)
- Paying due respect to those who are worthy of it (apacayana)
- Helping others perform good deeds (veyyavacca)
- Sharing of merit after doing some good deed (anumodana)
- Rejoicing in the merits of others (pattanumodana)
- Teaching the Dhamma (dhammadesana)
- Listening to the Dhamma (dhammassavana)
- Straightening one's own views
Perfections (Pāramī • Pāramitā)[edit]
Main article: Pāramitā
Ten Theravada Pāramīs (Dasa pāramiyo)[edit]
- Generosity (dāna)
- Morality (sīla)
- Renunciation (nekkhamma)
- Wisdom (paññā)
- Energy (viriya)
- Patience (khanti)
- Truthfulness (sacca)
- Determination (adhiṭṭhāna)
- Loving-kindness (mettā)
- Equanimity (upekkhā)
Six Mahayana Pāramitās[edit]
- Generosity (dāna)
- Morality (śīla)
- Patience (kṣanti)
- Energy (vīrya)
- Concentration (dhyāna)
- Wisdom (prajñā)
States Pertaining to Enlightenment (Bodhipakkhiyādhammā• Bodhipakṣa dharma)[edit]
Main article: Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
Four Foundations of Mindfulness (Cattāro satipaṭṭhānā •Smṛtyupasthāna)[edit]
Main article: Satipatthana
- Contemplation of the body (kāyagatāsati • kāyasmṛti)
- Mindfulness of breathing (ānāpānasati • ānāpānasmṛti)
- Contemplation of the body (kāyanupassana) — first tetrad
- Breathing a long breath
- Breathing a short breath
- Experiencing the whole (breath-) body (awareness of the beginning, middle, and end of the breath)
- Tranquilizing the bodily formation
- Contemplation of feelings (vedanānupassana) — second tetrad
- Experiencing rapture
- Experiencing bliss
- Experiencing the mental formation
- Tranquilizing the mental formation
- Contemplation of the mind (cittanupassana) — third tetrad
- Experiencing the mind
- Gladdening the mind
- Concentrating the mind
- Liberating the mind
- Contemplation of Dhammas (dhammānupassana) — fourth tetrad
- Contemplating impermanence (aniccānupassī)
- Contemplating fading away (virāgānupassī)
- Contemplating cessation (nirodhānupassī)
- Contemplating relinquishment (paṭinissaggānupassī)
- Contemplation of the body (kāyanupassana) — first tetrad
- Postures
- Clear comprehension (sampajañña • samprajaña)
- Clear comprehension of the purpose of one's action (sātthaka)
- Clear comprehension of the suitability of one's means to the achievement of one's purpose (sappāya)
- Clear comprehension of the domain, that is, not abandoning the subject of meditation during one's daily routine (gocara)
- Clear comprehension of reality, the awareness that behind one's activities there is no abiding self (asammoha)
- Reflections on repulsiveness of the body, meditation on the thirty-two body parts (patikulamanasikara)
- Reflections on the material elements (mahābhūta)
- Cemetery contemplations (asubha)
- Swollen or bloated corpse
- Corpse brownish black or purplish blue with decay
- Festering or suppurated corpse
- Corpse splattered half or fissured from decay
- Corpse gnawed by animals such as wild dogs and foxes
- Corpse scattered in parts, hands, legs, head and body being dispersed
- Corpse cut and thrown away in parts after killing
- Bleeding corpse, i.e. with red blood oozing out
- Corpse infested with and eaten by worms
- Remains of a corpse in a heap of bones, i.e. skeleton
- Mindfulness of breathing (ānāpānasati • ānāpānasmṛti)
- Contemplation of feelings (vedanāsati • vedanāsmṛti)
- Pleasant feeling
- Worldly pleasant feeling
- Spiritual pleasant feeling
- Painful feeling
- Worldly painful feeling
- Spiritual painful feeling
- Neither-pleasant-nor-painful (neutral) feeling
- Worldly neutral feeling
- Spiritual neutral feeling
- Pleasant feeling
- Contemplation of consciousness (cittasati • cittasmṛti)
- With lust (sarāgaṃ) or without lust (vītarāgaṃ)
- With hate (sadosaṃ) or without hate (vītadosaṃ)
- With delusion (samohaṃ) or without delusion (vītamohaṃ)
- Contracted (saṅkhittaṃ) or scattered (vikkhittaṃ)
- Lofty (mahaggataṃ) or not lofty (amahaggataṃ)
- Surpassable (sa-uttaraṃ) or unsurpassed (anuttaraṃ)
- Quieted (samāhitaṃ) or not quieted (asamāhitaṃ)
- Released (vimuttaṃ) or not released (avimuttaṃ)
- Contemplation of mental objects (dhammāsati • dharmasmṛti)
Four Right Exertions (Cattārimāni sammappadhānāni • Samyak-pradhāna)[edit]
Main article: Four Right Exertions
- Exertion for the non-arising (anuppādāya) of unskillful states
- Exertion for the abandoning (pahānāya) of unskillful states
- Exertion for the arising (uppādāya) of skillful states
- Exertion for the sustaining (ṭhitiyā) of skillful states
Four Bases for Spiritual Power (Iddhipāda • Ṛddhipāda)[edit]
Main article: Iddhipada
- Concentration due to desire (chanda)
- Concentration due to energy (viriya • vīrya)
- Concentration due to mind (citta)
- Concentration due to investigation (vīmaṃsā)
Five Spiritual Faculties (Pañca indriya)[edit]
Main article: Indriya
- Faith (saddhā • śraddhā) — faith in the Buddha's awakening
- Energy (viriya • vīrya) — exertion towards the Four Right Efforts
- Mindfulness (sati • smṛti) — focusing on the four satipatthana
- Concentration (samādhi) — achieving the four jhānas
- Wisdom (paññā • prajñā) — discerning the Four Noble Truths
Five Strengths (Pañca bala)[edit]
Main article: Five Strengths
- Faith (saddhā • śraddhā) — controls doubt
- Energy (viriya • vīrya) — controls laziness
- Mindfulness (sati • smṛti) — controls heedlessness
- Concentration (samādhi) — controls distraction
- Wisdom (paññā • prajñā) — controls ignorance
Seven Factors of Enlightenment (Satta sambojjhaṅgā • Sapta bodhyanga)[edit]
Main article: Seven Factors of Enlightenment
Neutral[edit]
- Mindfulness (sati • smṛti)
Arousing[edit]
- Investigation of doctrine (dhamma vicaya • dharma-vicaya)
- Energy (viriya • vīrya)
- Rapture (pīti • prīti)
Calming[edit]
- Tranquillity (passaddhi)
- Concentration (samādhi)
- Equanimity (upekkhā • upekṣā)
Noble Eightfold Path (Ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo • Ārya 'ṣṭāṅga mārgaḥ)[edit]
Main article: Noble Eightfold Path
Wisdom (Paññākkhandha)[edit]
- Right view (sammā-diṭṭhi • samyag-dṛṣṭi)
- Mundane right view
- Supramundane right view
- Right view that accords with the Four Noble Truths(saccanulomika sammā-diṭṭhi)
- Study
- Reflection
- Meditation
- Right view that penetrates the Four Noble Truths (saccapativedha sammā-diṭṭhi)
- Right view that accords with the Four Noble Truths(saccanulomika sammā-diṭṭhi)
- Right intention (sammā-saṅkappa • samyak-saṃkalpa)
- The intention of renunciation (nekkhamma-sankappa)
- The intention of non-ill will (abyapada-sankappa)
- The intention of harmlessness (avihimsa-sankappa)
Moral discipline (Sīlakkhandha)[edit]
- Right speech (sammā-vācā • samyag-vāc)
- Abstaining from false speech (musāvāda veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from slanderous speech (pisunaya vacaya veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from harsh speech (pharusaya vacaya veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from verbal abuse
- Abstaining from insults
- Abstaining from sarcasm
- Abstaining from idle chatter (samphappalāpa veramaṇī)
- Right action (sammā-kammanta • samyak-karmānta)
- Abstaining from the taking of life (pāṇātipātā veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from homicide
- Abstaining from animal slaughter
- Abstaining from deliberately harming or torturing another being
- Abstaining from taking what is not given (adinnādānā veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from stealing
- Abstaining from robbery
- Abstaining from snatching
- Abstaining from fraudulence
- Abstaining from deceitfulness
- Abstaining from sexual misconduct (kāmesu micchācāra veramaṇī)
- Abstaining from adultery
- Abstaining from sexual harassment
- Abstaining from rape
- Abstaining from the taking of life (pāṇātipātā veramaṇī)
- Right livelihood (sammā-ājīva • samyag-ājīva)
- Abstaining from dealing in weapons
- Abstaining from dealing in living beings (including raising animals forslaughter as well as slave trade and prostitution)
- Abstaining from dealing in meat production and butchery
- Abstaining from dealing in poisons
- Abstaining from dealing in intoxicants
- Abstaining from deceit
- Abstaining from treachery
- Abstaining from soothsaying
- Abstaining from trickery
- Abstaining from usury
Concentration (Samādhikkhandha)[edit]
- Right effort (sammā-vāyāma • samyag-vyāyāma)
- The effort to prevent the arising of unarisen unwholesome states (samvarappadhana)
- Wise attention (yoniso manasikara)
- Restraint of the sense faculties (indriya-samvara)
- The effort to abandon unwholesome states that have already arisen (pahanappadhana)
- Overcoming the Five hindrances
- The effort to arouse wholesome states that have not yet arisen (bhavanappadhana)
- Seven Factors of Enlightenment (satta sambojjhaṅgā • sapta bodhyanga)
- Mindfulness (sati)
- Investigation of doctrine (dhamma vicaya)
- Energy (viriya • vīrya)
- Rapture (pīti)
- Tranquillity (passaddhi)
- Concentration (samādhi)
- Equanimity (upekkha)
- Seven Factors of Enlightenment (satta sambojjhaṅgā • sapta bodhyanga)
- The effort to maintain and perfect wholesome states already arisen (anurakkhanappadhana)
- The effort to prevent the arising of unarisen unwholesome states (samvarappadhana)
- Right mindfulness (sammā-sati • samyak-smṛti)
- Contemplation of the body (kāyanupassana)
- Contemplation of feeling (vedanānupassana)
- Contemplation of states of mind (cittanupassana)
- Contemplation of phenomena (dhammānupassana)
- Right concentration (sammā-samādhi • samyak-samādhi)
- Four jhānas
- First jhāna (pathamajjhana)
- Second jhāna (dutiyajjhana)
- Third jhāna (tatiyajjhana)
- Fourth jhāna (catutthajjhana)
- Four jhānas
Acquired factors[edit]
- Right knowledge (sammā-ñāṇa)
- Right liberation (sammā-vimutti)
Buddhist meditation[edit]
Main articles: Buddhist meditation and Bhavana
Theravada meditation practices[edit]
Tranquillity/Serenity/Calm (Samatha • Śamatha)[edit]
Main article: Samatha
- Place of work (kammaṭṭhāna)
- Ten Kasinas
- Earth kasina (pathavikasinam)
- Water kasina (apokasinam)
- Fire kasina (tejokasinam)
- Wind kasina (vayokasinam)
- Brownish or deep purplish blue kasina (nilakasinam)
- Yellow kasina (pitakasinam)
- Red kasina (lohitakasinam)
- White kasina (odatakasinam)
- Light kasina (alokakasinam)
- Open air-space, sky kasina (akasakasinam)
- Ten reflections on repulsiveness (asubas)
- A swollen or bloated corpse (uddhumatakam)
- A corpse brownish black or purplish blue with decay (vinilakam)
- A festering or suppurated corpse (vipubbakam)
- A corpse splattered half or fissured from decay (vicchiddakam)
- A corpse gnawed by animals such as wild dogs and foxes (vikkhayittakam)
- A corpse scattered in parts, hands, legs, head and body being dispersed (vikkhitakam)
- A corpse cut and thrown away in parts after killing (hatavikkhittakam)
- A bleeding corpse, i.e. with red blood oozing out (lohitakam)
- A corpse infested with and eaten by worms (puluvakam)
- Remains of a corpse in a heap of bones, i.e. skeleton (atthikam)
- Ten Recollections (anussati • anusmriti)
- Buddhānussaṭi (Buddhanusmrti) — Recollection of the Buddha —fixing the mind with attentiveness and reflecting repeatedly on the glorious virtues and attributes of Buddha
- Dhammānussati (Dharmanusmrti) — Recollection of the Dhamma — reflecting with serious attentiveness repeatedly on the virtues and qualities of Buddha's teachings and his doctrine
- Saṅghānussati (Sanghanusmrti) — Recollection of the Saṅgha —fixing the mind strongly and repeatedly upon the rare attributes and sanctity of the Sangha
- Sīlānussati — Recollection of virtue — reflecting seriously and repeatedly on the purification of one's own morality or sīla
- Cāgānussati — Recollection of generosity — reflecting repeatedly on the mind's purity in the noble act of one's own dāna, charitableness and liberality
- Devatānussati — Recollection of deities — reflecting with serious and repeated attention on one's own complete possession of the qualities of absolute faith (saddhā), morality (sīla), learning (suta), liberality (cāga) and wisdom (paññā) just as the devas have, to enable one to be reborn in the world of devas
- Maraṇānussati — Mindfulness of death — reflecting repeatedly on the inevitability of death
- Kāyagatāsati — Mindfulness of the body — reflecting earnestly and repeatedly on the impurity of the body which is composed of the detestable 32 constituents such as hair, body hair, nails, teeth, skin, etc.
- Ānāpānasati — Mindfulness of breathing — repeated reflection on the inhaled and exhaled breath
- Upasamānussati — Recollection of peace — reflecting repeatedly with serious attentiveness on the supreme spiritual blissful state of Nirvana
- Four Divine Abidings (brahmavihāra)
- Loving-kindness (mettā • maitrī)
- Compassion (karuṇā)
- Sympathetic joy (muditā)
- Equanimity (upekkhā • upekṣā)
- Four formless jhānas (arūpajhāna)
- Base of the infinity of space (ākāsānañcāyatana)
- Base of the infinity of consciousness (viññāṇañcāyatana)
- Base of nothingness (ākiñcaññāyatana)
- Base of neither-perception-nor-nonperception(nevasaññānāsaññāyatana)
- Perception of disgust of food (aharepatikulasanna)
- Four Great Elements (mahābhūta)
- Earth element (paṭhavī-dhātu)
- Water (or liquid) element (āpo-dhātu)
- Fire element (tejo-dhātu)
- Air (or wind) element (vāyo-dhātu)
- Ten Kasinas
Concentration (Samādhi)[edit]
Main article: Samadhi (Buddhism)
- Sign (nimitta)
- Learning sign (uggahanimitta)
- Counterpart sign (paṭibhāganimitta)
- Momentary concentration (khaṇikasamādhi)
- Preliminary concentration (parikammasamādhi)
- Neighbourhood concentration (upacārasamādhi)
- Nine attainments (samāpatti)
- Attainment concentration (appanāsamādhi)
- Jhāna (Dhyāna) — states of deep meditative concentration marked by the one-pointed fixation of the mind upon its object
- Four form jhānas (rūpajhāna)
- First jhāna (pathamajjhana)
- applied thought (vittaka)
- sustained thought (vicāra)
- rapture (pīti)
- bliss (sukha)
- one-pointedness (ekaggata)
- Second jhāna (dutiyajjhana)
- rapture (pīti)
- bliss (sukha)
- one-pointedness (ekaggata)
- Third jhāna (tatiyajjhana)
- bliss (sukha)
- one-pointedness (ekaggata)
- Fourth jhāna (catutthajjhana)
- one-pointedness (ekaggata)
- equanimity (upekkhā • upekṣā)
- First jhāna (pathamajjhana)
- Four formless jhānas (arūpajhāna)
- Base of the infinity of space (ākāsānañcāyatana)
- Base of the infinity of consciousness (viññāṇañcāyatana)
- Base of nothingness (ākiñcaññāyatana)
- Base of neither-perception-nor-nonperception(nevasaññānāsaññāyatana)
- Four form jhānas (rūpajhāna)
- Jhāna (Dhyāna) — states of deep meditative concentration marked by the one-pointed fixation of the mind upon its object
- Cessation of perception and feeling (nirodha-samāpatti)
- Attainment concentration (appanāsamādhi)
Insight meditation (Vipassanā • Vipaśyanā)[edit]
Main article: Vipassanā
- Insight knowledge (vipassanā-ñāṇa)
- Vipassana jhanas
- Eighteen kinds of insight
- Contemplation on impermanence (aniccanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of permanence
- Contemplation on unsatisfactoriness (dukkhanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of real happiness
- Contemplation on non-self (anattanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of self
- Contemplation on disenchantment (revulsion) (nibbidanupassana) overcomes affection
- Contemplation on dispassion (fading away) (viraganupassana) overcomes greed
- Contemplation on cessation (nirodhanupassana) overcomes the arising
- Contemplation on giving up (patinissagganupassana) overcomes attachment
- Contemplation on dissolution (khayanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of something compact
- Contemplation on disappearance (vayanupassana) overcomes kamma-accumulation
- Contemplation on changeablenes (viparinamanupassana) overcomes the wrong idea of something immutable
- Contemplation on the signless (animittanupassana) overcomes the conditions of rebirth
- Contemplation on the desireless (appanihitanupassana) overcomes longing
- Contemplation on emptiness (suññatanupassana) overcomes clinging
- Higher wisdom and insight (adhipaññadhamma vipassana) overcomes the wrong idea of something substantial
- True eye of knowledge (yathabhuta ñanadassana) overcomes clinging to delusion
- Contemplation on misery (adinavanupassana) overcomes clinging to desire
- Reflecting contemplation (patisankhanupassana) overcomes thoughtlessness
- Contemplation on the standstill of existence (vivattanupassana) overcomes being entangled in fetters
- Sixteen Stages of Vipassanā Knowledge
- Knowledge to distinguish mental and physical states (namarupa pariccheda ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of the cause-and-effect relationship between mental and physical states (paccaya pariggaha ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of mental and physical processes as impermanent, unsatisfactory and nonself (sammasana ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of arising and passing away (udayabbaya ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of the dissolution of formations (bhanga ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of the fearful nature of mental and physical states (bhaya ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of mental and physical states as unsatisfactory (adinava ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of disenchantment (nibbida ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of the desire to abandon the worldly state (muncitukamayata ñāṇa)
- Knowledge which investigates the path to deliverance and instills a decision to practice further (patisankha ñāṇa)
- Knowledge which regards mental and physical states with equanimity (sankharupekha ñāṇa)
- Knowledge which conforms to the Four Noble Truths (anuloma ñāṇa)
- Knowledge of deliverance from the worldly condition (gotrabhu ñāṇa)
- Knowledge by which defilements are abandoned and are overcome by destruction (magga ñāṇa)
- Knowledge which realizes the fruit of the path and has nibbana as object (phala ñāṇa)
- Knowledge which reviews the defilements still remaining (paccavekkhana ñāṇa)
Zen meditation practices[edit]
- Zazen
- Concentration
- Kōan — a story, dialogue, question, or statement in Zen, containing aspects that are inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to intuition
- Shikantaza — just sitting
Vajrayana meditation practices[edit]
- Tonglen
- Tantra
- Margaphala
- Ngöndro — Four thoughts which turn the mind towards Dharma
- The freedoms and advantages of precious human rebirth
- The truth of impermanence and change
- The workings of karma
- The suffering of living beings within Samsara
Other practices[edit]
- Ahimsa — Non-violence
- Appamada — Heedfulness
- Chöd — advanced spiritual practice and discipline arising from confluences of Bonpo, Mahasidda, Nyingmapa traditions and now practiced throughout the schools of Tibetan Buddhism
- Merit
- Paritta — Protection
- Samvega and pasada
- Simran
Attainment of Enlightenment[edit]
Main article: Enlightenment in Buddhism
General[edit]
- Nirvana (Nibbāna • Nirvāṇa) — the final goal of the Buddha's teaching; the unconditioned state beyond the round of rebirths, to be attained by the destruction of the defilements; Full Enlightenment or Awakening, the complete cessation of suffering
- Parinirvana (Parinibbāna • Parinirvāṇa) — final passing away of an enlightened person
- Bodhi — the awakening attained by the Buddha and his accomplished disciples, referring to insight into the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path
- Types of Buddha
- Sammāsambuddha (Samyak-saṃbuddha) — one who, by his own efforts, attains Nirvana, having rediscovered the Noble Eightfold Pathafter it has been lost to humanity, and makes this Path known to others
- Paccekabuddha (Pratyekabuddha) — "a lone Buddha", a self-awakened Buddha, but one who lacks the ability to spread the Dhamma to others
- Sāvakabuddha (Śrāvakabuddha) — enlightened 'disciple of a Buddha'. Usual being named Arhat
Theravada[edit]
- Four stages of enlightenment (see also: Ariya-puggala — Noble Ones)
- Sotāpanna — Stream-enterer (first stage of enlightenment) — one who has "opened the eye of the Dhamma", and is guaranteed enlightenment after no more than seven successive rebirths, having eradicated the first three fetters
- The four factors leading to stream-entry
- Association with superior persons
- Hearing the true Dhamma
- Careful attention
- Practice in accordance with the Dhamma
- The four factors of a stream-enterer
- Possessing confirmed confidence in the Buddha
- Possessing confirmed confidence in the Dhamma
- Possessing confirmed confidence in the Sangha
- Possessing moral virtues dear to the noble ones
- The four factors leading to stream-entry
- Sakadagami — Once-returner (second stage of enlightenment) — will be reborn into the human world once more, before attaining enlightenment, having eradicated the first three fetters and attenuated greed, hatred, and delusion
- Anāgāmi — Non-returner (third stage of enlightenment) — does not come back into human existence, or any lower world, after death, but is reborn in the "Pure Abodes", where he will attain Nirvāṇa, having eradicated the first five fetters
- Arahant — "Worthy One", (see also: Arhat), a fully enlightened human being who has abandoned all ten fetters, and who upon decease (Parinibbāna) will not be reborn in any world, having wholly abandoned saṃsāra
- Sotāpanna — Stream-enterer (first stage of enlightenment) — one who has "opened the eye of the Dhamma", and is guaranteed enlightenment after no more than seven successive rebirths, having eradicated the first three fetters
Mahayana[edit]
- Bodhisattva — one who has generated bodhicitta, the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood
- Bodhisattva Bhumis — stages of enlightenment through which a bodhisattva passes
Zen[edit]
- Satori — a Japanese Buddhist term for "enlightenment", which translates as a flash of sudden awareness, or individual enlightenment
- Kensho — "Seeing one's nature"
Buddhist monasticism and laity[edit]
Main article: Buddhist monasticism
- Disciple 声闻弟子ShengWenDiZi (sāvaka •śrāvaka)
- Male lay follower (忧婆塞 YouPoSai) (upāsaka) andFemale lay follower (忧婆夷 YouPoYi) (upāsikā)
- Householder 在家弟子ZaiJiaDiZi
- Dhammacārī — lay devotees who have seriously committed themselves to Buddhist practice for several years
- Anāgārika — lay attendant of a monk
- 近侍Jisha (Japan), JinShi (chinese) — personal attendant of a monastery's abbot or teacher in Chan/Zen Buddhism
- Ngagpa — non-monastic male practitioners of such disciplines as Vajrayana, shamanism, Tibetan medicine, Tantra and Dzogchen
- Thilashin — Burmese Buddhist female lay renunciant
- Mae ji — Buddhist laywomen in Thailand occupying a position somewhere between that of an ordinary lay follower and an ordained monk
- Lower ordination (pabbajja • pravrajya)
- Novice monk (sāmaṇera • śrāmaṇera)
- Novice nun (samaṇerī • śrāmaṇerī)
- Higher ordination (upasampadā)
- Titles for Buddhist teachers
- General
- in Theravada
- in Southeast Asia
- Ayya — commonly used as a veneration in addressing or referring to an ordained Buddhist nun
- in Thailand
- in Burma
- Sayādaw — a Burmese senior monk of a monastery
- in China
- 和尚,Heshang — high-ranking or highly virtuous Buddhist monk; respectful designation for Buddhist monks in general
- 僧侣,SengLv — Monk
- 住持,ZhuChi — Abbot
- 禅师,ChanShi — Chan/Zen Master
- 法师,FaShi — Dharma Master
- 律师,LvShi — Vinaya Master, teacher who focuses on the discipline and precepts
- 开山祖师,KaiShanZuShi — founder of a school of Buddhism or the founding abbot of a Zen monastery
- 比丘,BiQiu — transliteration of Bhikkhu
- 比丘尼,BiQiuNi — transliteration of Bhikkhuni
- 沙弥,ShaMi — transliteration of Samanera
- 沙弥尼,ShaMiNi — transliteration of Samaneri
- 尼姑,NiGu — Nun
- 论师,LunShi — Abhidharma Master, one who is well versed in the psychology, thesis and higher teachings of buddhism
- 师兄,ShiXiong — dharma brothers, used by laity to address each other, note that all male or female lay disciples are called 'Dharma Brothers'
- in Southeast Asia
- in Japan
- in Zen
- in Japan
- 开山 Kaisan — founder of a school of Buddhism or the founding abbot of a Zen monastery
- 老师 Roshi — a Japanese honorific title used in Zen Buddhism that literally means "old teacher" or "elder master" and usually denotes the person who gives spiritual guidance to a Zen sangha
- 先生 Sensei — ordained teacher below the rank of roshi
- Zen master — individual who teaches Zen Buddhism to others
- in Korea
- Sunim — Korean title for a Buddhist monk or Buddhist nun
- in Japan
- in Tibetan Buddhism
- Geshe — Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monks
- Guru
- Khenpo — academic degree similar to that of a doctorate or Geshe. Khenpos often are made abbots of centers and monasteries
- Khenchen — academic degree similar in depth to post doctorate work. Senior most scholars often manage many Khenpos
- Lama — Tibetan teacher of the Dharma
- Rinpoche — an honorific which literally means "precious one"
- Tulku — an enlightened Tibetan Buddhist lama who has, through phowa and siddhi, consciously determined to take birth, often many times, in order to continue his or her Bodhisattva vow
Major figures of Buddhism[edit]
Main article: List of Buddhists
Founder[edit]
- Gautama Buddha — The Buddha, Siddhattha Gotama (Pali), Siddhārtha Gautama (Sanskrit), Śākyamuni (Sage of the Sakya clan), The Awakened One, The Enlightened One, The Blessed One, Tathāgata (Thus Come One, Thus Gone One)
Buddha's disciples and early Buddhists[edit]
Chief Disciples[edit]
- Sāriputta — Chief disciple, "General of the Dhamma", foremost in wisdom
- Mahamoggallāna — Second chief disciple, foremost in psychic powers
Great Disciples[edit]
Monks[edit]
- Ānanda — Buddha's cousin and personal attendant
- Maha Kassapa — Convener of First Buddhist Council
- Anuruddha — Half-cousin of the Buddha
- Mahakaccana — Foremost in teaching
- Nanda — Half-brother of the Buddha
- Subhuti
- Punna
- Upali — Master of the Vinaya
Nuns[edit]
- Mahapajapati Gotami — Eldest nun
- Khema — First great female disciple in power
- Uppalavanna — Second great female disciple
- Patacara — Foremost exponent of the Vinaya, the rules of monastic discipline
Laymen[edit]
- Anathapindika — Chief lay disciple, foremost disciple in generosity
- Hatthaka of Alavi
- Jivaka
- Citta — the foremost householder for explaining the Teaching
- Cunda
Laywomen[edit]
First five disciples of the Buddha[edit]
- Kondañña — the first Arahant
- Assaji — converted Sāriputta and Mahamoggallāna
- Bhaddiya
- Vappa
- Mahanama
Two seven-year-old Arahants[edit]
Other disciples[edit]
- Channa — royal servant and head charioteer of Prince Siddhartha
- Angulimala — mass murderer turned saint
- Kisa Gotami
Later Indian Buddhists (after Buddha)[edit]
- Buddhaghosa — 5th-century Indian Theravadin Buddhist commentator and scholar, author of the Visuddhimagga
- Mahinda — son of Emperor Ashoka
- Sanghamitta — daughter of Emperor Ashoka
- Nagarjuna — founder of the Madhyamaka school
- Aryadeva — disciple of Nagarjuna
- Asanga — exponent of the yogācāra school
- Vasubandhu
- Buddhapālita — commentator on the works of Nagarjuna and Aryadeva
- Candrakīrti
- Dharmakirti
- Atisha
Indo-Greek Buddhists[edit]
Chinese Buddhists[edit]
Tibetan Buddhists[edit]
- Je Tsongkhapa
- Milarepa
- Longchenpa
- Marpa Lotsawa
- Padmasambhava
- Sakya Pandita
- Panchen Lama
- Karmapa
- Dalai Lama
Japanese Buddhists[edit]
Vietnamese Buddhists[edit]
- Thích Nhất Hạnh
- Thich Chan Khong
- Thich Thiên Ân
- Thich Quang Duc
Burmese Buddhists[edit]
Thai Buddhists[edit]
Sri Lankan Buddhists[edit]
- Balangoda Ananda Maitreya
- Henepola Gunaratana
- K. Sri Dhammananda
- Piyadassi Maha Thera
- Walpola Rahula
American Buddhists[edit]
Brazilian Buddhists[edit]
British Buddhists[edit]
German Buddhists[edit]
Irish Buddhists[edit]
Buddhist philosophy[edit]
Main article: Buddhist philosophy
- Abhidharma (Abhidhamma)
- Buddhist anarchism
- Buddhist atomism
- Buddhism and the body
- Buddhology
- Engaged Buddhism
- Buddhist economics
- Buddhist eschatology
- Buddhist ethics
- Buddhism and evolution
- Four imponderables
- Fourteen unanswerable questions
- Questions referring to the world: concerning the existence of the worldin time
- Is the world eternal?
- or not?
- or both?
- or neither?
- Questions referring to the world: concerning the existence of the world in space
- Is the world finite?
- or not?
- or both?
- or neither?
- Questions referring to personal experience
- Is the self identical with the body?
- or is it different from the body?
- Questions referring to life after death
- Questions referring to the world: concerning the existence of the worldin time
- God in Buddhism
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Buddhist logic
- Buddhist mythology
- Reality in Buddhism
- Buddhist socialism
Buddhist culture[edit]
Main articles: Buddhist culture and art and Cultural elements of Buddhism
- Alms
- Ango — three-month-long period of intense training for students ofZen Buddhism
- Buddhist architecture
- Vihara — Buddhist monastery
- Wat — monastery temple inCambodia, Thailand, Lannaor Laos
- Thai temple art and architecture
- Stupa — mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics
- Pagoda — tiered tower with multiple eaves common inChina, Japan, Korea,Vietnam, and other parts ofAsia
- Zendo — meditation hall in Zen Buddhism
- Butsudan — shrine
- Buddhist art
- Buddhist calendar
- Buddhist clothes
- Tricivara — Monastic robe
- Antaravasaka — Lower robe
- Uttarasanga — Upper robe
- Sangati — Outer robe
- Tricivara — Monastic robe
- Buddhist cuisine
- Dharani
- Drubchen — traditional form of meditation retreat in Tibetan Buddhism
- Funeral (Buddhism)
- Buddhist holidays
- Vesak — birth, enlightenment (Nirvana), and passing away (Parinirvana) of Gautama Buddha
- Asalha Puja
- Magha Puja
- Uposatha — the Buddhist observance days, falling on the days of the full moon and new moon, when the monks gather to recite thePātimokkha and lay people often visit monasteries and temples to undertake the eight precepts
- Kathina — festival which comes at the end of Vassa
- Kaicho
- Kīla — three-sided peg, stake, knife, or nail like ritual implement traditionally associated with Indo-Tibetan Buddhism
- Mandala — concentric diagram having spiritual and ritual significance
- Buddhist prayer beads — Mala
- Mantra
- Buddhist view of marriage
- Mudra — Symbolic or ritual gesture
- Añjali Mudrā — greeting gesture which consists of putting the palms together in front of the chest
- Buddhist music
- Prayer wheel
- Sarira — Buddhist relics
- Sesshin — period of intensive meditation (zazen) in a Zen monastery
- Buddhist symbolism
- Dharmacakra — Wheel of Dhamma
- Bhavacakra — Wheel of Becoming
- Buddhist flag
- Ensō — Symbol in Zen symbolizing enlightenment, strength, elegance, the Universe, and the void
- Thangka
- Ashtamangala
- Vajra — short metal weapon that has the symbolic nature of a diamond
- Vassa — Rains retreat
Buddhist pilgrimage[edit]
Main article: Buddhist pilgrimage
- The Four Main Sites
- Lumbini — Buddha's birthplace
- Bodh Gaya — Buddha's place of Enlightenment
- Sarnath — Place of Buddha's first discourse
- Kushinagar — Place of Buddha's final passing away
- Four Additional Sites
- Other Sites
- Later Sites
Comparative Buddhism[edit]
- Buddhism and science
- Buddhism and Theosophy
- Buddhism and other religions
[edit]
Main article: Index of Buddhism-related articles
- Access to Insight — Readings in Theravada Buddhism website
- Anuradhapura
- Asceticism
- Ashoka the Great
- Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
- Bodhimanda (Bodhimandala)
- Bodhisatta — a future Buddha, one destined to attain unsurpassed perfect enlightenment; specifically, it is the term the Buddha uses to refer to himself in the period prior to his enlightenment, both in past lives and in his last life before he attained enlightenment
- Bodhisattva
- Akasagarbha
- Avalokiteśvara (Guan Yin)
- Guan Yu
- Ksitigarbha
- Mahasthamaprapta
- Maitreya — Future Buddha, successor of Gautama Buddha
- Manjusri — the bodhisattva associated with wisdom, doctrine and awareness
- Nio
- Samantabhadra
- Shantideva
- Sitatapatra
- Skanda
- Supushpachandra
- Suryaprabha
- Tara
- Vajrapani
- Vasudhara
- Borobudur — ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist Monument in Magelang, Indonesia
- Brahmā — according to the brahmins, the supreme personal deity, but in the Buddha's teaching, a powerful deity who rules over a high divine state of existence called the brahma world; more generally, the word denotes the class of superior devas inhabiting the form realm
- Brahmacharya — the Holy Life
- Budai or Hotei — the obese Laughing Buddha, usually seen in China
- Buddhas
- Gautama Buddha
- Dipankara Buddha
- Kakusandha Buddha
- Kassapa Buddha
- Padumuttara Buddha
- Adi-Buddha
- Amitābha — the principal Buddha in the Pure Land sect
- Medicine Buddha
- Buddhas of Bamyan
- Buddhavacana — the Word of the Buddha
- Buddhist calendar
- Buddhist Initiation Ritual — a public ordination ceremony wherein a lay student of Zen Buddhism receives certain Buddhist precepts, "a rite in which they publicly avow allegiance to 'The Three Refuges' of Buddhist practice: The Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha
- Buddhist Publication Society — a charity whose goal is to explain and spread the doctrine of the Buddha
- Buddhist studies
- Cambridge Buddhist Association
- Chakravartin — Wheel-turning Monarch
- Critical Buddhism
- Dalit Buddhist movement
- Deva — a deity or god; the beings inhabiting the heavenly worlds, usually in the sense-sphere realm but more broadly in all three realms
- Dhammakaya
- Dharma name
- Dharma talk
- Dharma transmission
- Diamond Way Buddhism
- Dipavamsa
- Eight Thoughts of a Great Man[citation needed]
- This Dhamma is for one who wants little, not for one who wants much.
- This Dhamma is for the contented, not for the discontented.
- This Dhamma is for the secluded, not for one fond of society.
- This Dhamma is for the energetic, not for the lazy.
- This Dhamma is for the mindful, not for the unmindful.
- This Dhamma is for the composed, not for the uncomposed.
- This Dhamma is for the wise, not for the unwise.
- This Dhamma is for one who is free from impediments, not for one who delights in impediments
- Empowerment
- European Buddhist Union
- Five Dhyani Buddhas
- Five Pure Lights
- Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition
- Friends of the Western Buddhist Order
- Gandhabba
- Gandhāran Buddhist Texts
- Glossary of Japanese Buddhism
- Hinayana — "Inferior vehicle", often interpreted as a pejorative term used in Mahayana doctrine to refer to the early Buddhist schools
- Icchantika
- Inka
- International Buddhist College
- Jambudvipa — lit., "rose-apple island," the Indian subcontinent
- Jetavana
- Kalachakra
- Kalpa (aeon) — an aeon or cosmic cycle, the period of time it takes for a world system to arise, evolve, dissolve, and persist in a state of disintegration before a new cycle begins
- Kanthaka — Prince Siddhartha's favourite white horse
- Kegon
- King Ajatasattu
- King Bimbisara
- King Milinda
- King Pasenadi
- Kosala
- Kwan Um School of Zen
- Laughing Buddha
- Life release - Practice of saving the lives of beings destined for slaughter
- Lineage
- Liturgical languages
- Luang Prabang
- Mahasati meditation
- Mahavamsa
- Māra — "The Evil One" or "Tempter"; a malevolent deity who tries to prevent people from practicing the Dhamma and thereby escaping the round of rebirths
- Klesa-māra, or Māra as the embodiment of all unskillful emotions
- Mrtyu-māra, or Māra as death, in the sense of the ceaseless round of birth and death
- Skandha-māra, or Māra as metaphor for the entirety of conditioned existence
- Devaputra-māra, or Māra the son of a deva (god), that is, Māra as an objectively existent being rather than as a metaphor
- Medicine Buddha
- Monasteries
- Nāga — the Serpent King
- Nikāya
- Nikaya Buddhism
- Noble Silence
- Pali Text Society
- Perfection of Wisdom School
- Persecution of Buddhists
- Phra Pathom Chedi
- Preaching
- Purity in Buddhism
- Ramifications of the Buddha concept
- Saddhamma — True Dhamma
- Sakka — the King of gods
- Samaṇa
- Samāpatti — correct acquisition of Truth
- Sāsana — Dispensation
- Shakya — ancient kingdom of Iron Age India, Siddhartha Gautama's clan
- Shambhala Buddhism
- Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism
- Sumeru — central world-mountain in Buddhist cosmology
- Sutra
- The birth of Buddha (Lalitavistara)
- The Path to Nirvana
- Three Ages of Buddhism
- Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma
- Triratna Buddhist Community
- True Buddha School
- Two foremost teachers (two persons which one can never pay back gratitude-debts in full)
- Vipassana movement
- Women in Buddhism
- World Buddhist Sangha Council
- World Fellowship of Buddhists
- Yakkha — a broad class of nature-spirits, usually benevolent, who are caretakers of the natural treasures hidden in the earth and tree roots
- Yama — King of Death
- Yana — Vehicle
- Śrāvakayāna — the hearer vehicle
- Pratyekayana — the individual vehicle
- Bodhisattvayāna
- Young Buddhist Association
- Young Men's Buddhist Association
- Zabuton — rectangular meditation cushion
- Zafu — round meditation cushion
Lists[edit]
- Glossary of Buddhism
- Index of Buddhism-related articles
- List of Buddhas
- List of Buddha claimants
- List of bodhisattvas
- List of Buddhists
- List of modern scholars in Buddhist studies
- List of suttas
- List of books related to Buddhism
- List of Buddhist temples
- List of writers on Buddhism
- Buddha games list
See also[edit]
Charts[edit]
Notes[edit]
1. Jump up^ Cousins, L.S. (1996); Buswell (2003), Vol. I, p. 82; and, Keown & Prebish (2004), p. 107. See also, Gombrich (1988/2002), p. 32: “…[T]he best we can say is that [the Buddha] was probably Enlightened between 550 and 450, more likely later rather than earlier."
2. Jump up^ Williams (2000, pp. 6-7) writes: "As a matter of fact Buddhism in mainland India itself had all but ceased to exist by the thirteenth century CE, although by that time it had spread to Tibet, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia." Embree et al. (1958/1988), "Chronology," p. xxix: "c. 1000-1200: Buddhism disappears as [an] organized religious force in India." See also, Robinson & Johnson (1970/1982), pp. 100-1, 108 Fig. 1; and, Harvey (1990/2007), pp. 139-40.
References[edit] ^ Gethin, Rupert. The Foundations of Buddhism, p1. Oxford University Press, 1998.
- ^ "The World Factbook: Sri Lanka". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved2006-08-12..
- ^ Keown, Damien (2003), A Dictionary of Buddhism: p. 38
- ^ "The Mahayana, 'Great Vehicle' or 'Great Carriage' (for carrying all beings to nirvana), is also, and perhaps more correctly and accurately, known as the Bodhisattvayana, the bodhisattva's vehicle." - Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999).Indian Buddhism: p.338
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