The following outline is provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, Buddhism:
Buddhism (Pali/Sanskrit: बौद्ध धर्मBuddha Dharma) is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed toSiddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha, "the awakened one".
- 1 The Buddha
- 2 Branches of Buddhism
- 3 Buddhist scriptures and texts
- 4 History of Buddhism
- 5 Doctrines of Buddhism
- 5.1 Three Jewels (Tiratana •Triratna)
- 5.2 Four Noble Truths (Cattāri ariyasaccāni • Catvāri āryasatyāni)
- 5.3 Three Marks of Existence (Tilakkhaṇa • Trilakṣaṇa)
- 5.4 Five Aggregates (Pañca khandha • Pañca-skandha)
- 5.5 Dependent Origination (Paticcasamuppāda •Pratītyasamutpāda)
- 5.6 Karma (Kamma)
- 5.7 Rebirth (Punabbhava •Punarbhava)
- 5.8 Sense bases (Āyatana)
- 5.9 Six Great Elements (Dhātu)
- 5.10 Faculties (Indriya)
- 5.11 Formations (Saṅkhāra •Saṃskāra)
- 5.12 Mental Factors (Cetasika •Caitasika )
- 5.13 Mind and Consciousness
- 5.14 Obstacles to Enlightenment
- 5.15 Two Kinds of Happiness (Sukha)
- 5.16 Two Kinds of Bhava
- 5.17 Two Guardians of the World (Sukka lokapala)
- 5.18 Three Conceits
- 5.19 Three Standpoints
- 5.20 Three Primary Aims
- 5.21 Three Divisions of the Dharma
- 5.22 Four Kinds of Nutriment
- 5.23 Four Kinds of Acquisitions (Upadhi)
- 5.24 Eight Worldly Conditions
- 5.25 Truth (Sacca • Satya)
- 5.26 Higher Knowledge (Abhiñña •Abhijña)
- 5.27 Great fruits of the contemplative life (Maha-Phala)
- 5.28 Concepts unique to Mahayana and Vajrayana
- 5.29 Other concepts
- 6 Buddhist practices
- 6.1 Buddhist devotion
- 6.2 Moral discipline and precepts (Sīla • Śīla)
- 6.3 Three Resolutions
- 6.4 Three Pillars of Dharma
- 6.5 Threefold Training (Sikkhā)
- 6.6 Five Qualities
- 6.7 Five Powers of a Trainee
- 6.8 Five Things that lead to Awakening
- 6.9 Five Subjects for Contemplation
- 6.10 Gradual training (Anupubbikathā)
- 6.11 Seven Good Qualities (Satta saddhammā)
- 6.12 Ten Meritorious Deeds (Punnakiriya vatthu)
- 6.13 Perfections (Pāramī •Pāramitā)
- 6.14 States Pertaining to Enlightenment (Bodhipakkhiyādhammā •Bodhipakṣa dharma)
- 6.15 Buddhist meditation
- 6.16 Other practices
- 7 Attainment of Enlightenment
- 8 Buddhist monasticism and laity
- 9 Major figures of Buddhism
- 9.1 Founder
- 9.2 Buddha's disciples and early Buddhists
- 9.3 Later Indian Buddhists (after Buddha)
- 9.4 Indo-Greek Buddhists
- 9.5 Chinese Buddhists
- 9.6 Tibetan Buddhists
- 9.7 Japanese Buddhists
- 9.8 Vietnamese Buddhists
- 9.9 Burmese Buddhists
- 9.10 Thai Buddhists
- 9.11 Sri Lankan Buddhists
- 9.12 American Buddhists
- 9.13 Brazilian Buddhists
- 9.14 British Buddhists
- 9.15 German Buddhists
- 9.16 Irish Buddhists
- 10 Buddhist philosophy
- 11 Buddhist culture
- 12 Buddhist pilgrimage
- 13 Comparative Buddhism
- 14 Other topics related to Buddhism
- 15 Lists
- 16 See also
- 17 Charts
- 18 Notes
- 19 References
The Buddha[edit]
Main article:Gautama Buddha
- Tathāgata — meaning "Thus Come One" and"Thus Gone One" simultaneously, the epithet the Buddha uses most often to refer to himself; occasionally it is used as a general designation for a person who has reached the highest attainment
- Buddha's Birthday
- The Four Sights — observations that affected Prince Siddhartha deeply and made him realize the sufferings of all beings, and compelled him to begin his spiritual journey
- Qualities of the Buddha
- Abandonment of all defilements (kilesa — principally greed, hatred and delusion) together with their residual impressions (vasana)
- All defilements have been abandoned totally — all defilements have been destroyed with none remaining
- All defilements have been abandoned completely — each defilement has been destroyed at the root, without residue
- All defilements have been abandoned finally — no defilement can ever arise again in the future
- Acquisition of all virtues
- Great Wisdom (Mahapaññā)
- Extensiveness of range — understanding the totality of existent phenomena
- Profundity of view — understanding the precise mode of existence of each phenomenon
- Great Compassion (Maha-karuṇā)
- Great Wisdom (Mahapaññā)
- Abandonment of all defilements (kilesa — principally greed, hatred and delusion) together with their residual impressions (vasana)
- Physical characteristics of the Buddha
- Buddha footprint
- Buddha statue (Buddharupa)
- Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand
- Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film
- Miracles of Gautama Buddha
- List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed
- Colours of Buddha's aura (prabashvara)
- Sapphire blue (nila)
- Golden yellow (pita)
- Crimson (lohita)
- White (odata)
- Scarlet (manjesta)
- Family of Gautama Buddha
- Śuddhodana (father)
- Māyā (mother)
- Yasodharā (wife)
- Rāhula (son)
- Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī (foster mother)
- Nanda (half-brother)
- Ānanda (cousin)
- Anuruddha (cousin)
- Devadatta (cousin)
- Teachers of the Bodhisatta Gotama
- Āḷāra Kālāma — taught Gautama the dimension of nothingness
- Uddaka Rāmaputta — taught Gautama the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception
- Gautama Buddha in world religions
Branches of Buddhism[edit]
Schools of Buddhism[edit]
Main article: Schools of Buddhism
Timeline: Development and propagation of Buddhist traditions (ca. 450 BCE – ca. 1300 CE)
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450 BCE[note 1] | 250 BCE | 100 CE | 500 CE | 700 CE | 800 CE | 1200 CE[note 2] | |||||||||||||||
Early Buddhist schools | Mahāyāna | Vajrayāna | |||||||||||||||||||
Theravāda | |||||||||||||||||||||
Kadam | |||||||||||||||||||||
Kagyu | |||||||||||||||||||||
Dagpo | |||||||||||||||||||||
Sakya | |||||||||||||||||||||
Jonang | |||||||||||||||||||||
Early Buddhist schools
andMahāyāna (via the silk road to China, andocean contact from India toVietnam) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Chan | |||||||||||||||||||||
Thiền, Seon | |||||||||||||||||||||
Zen | |||||||||||||||||||||
Tiantai / Jìngtǔ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Tendai | |||||||||||||||||||||
450 BCE | 250 BCE | 100 CE | 500 CE | 700 CE | 800 CE | 1200 CE | |||||||||||||||
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Theravāda[edit]
Theravada — literally, "the Teaching of the Elders" or "the Ancient Teaching", it is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It was founded in India. It is relatively conservative, and generally closer to early Buddhism,[1] and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of Sri Lanka (now about 70% of the population[2]) and most of continental Southeast Asia.
- Bangladesh:
- Burma:
- Thudhamma Nikaya
- Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw
- Shwekyin Nikaya
- Dvaya Nikaya or Dvara Nikaya
- Thudhamma Nikaya
- Cambodia
- Laos
- Sri Lanka:
- Thailand:
Mahāyāna[edit]
Mahayana — literally the "Great Vehicle", it is the largest school of Buddhism, and originated in India. The term is also used for classification of Buddhist philosophies and practice. According to the teachings of Mahāyāna traditions, "Mahāyāna" also refers to the path of seeking complete enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings, also called "Bodhisattvayāna", or the "Bodhisattva Vehicle."[3][4]
- Madhyamaka
- Prāsangika
- Svatantrika
- Sanlun (Three Treatise school)
- Maha-Madhyamaka (Jonangpa)
- Yogācāra
- Cittamatra in Tibet
- Wei-Shi (Consciousness-only school) or Faxiang (Dharma-character school)
- Tathagatagarbha
- Daśabhūmikā (absorbed into Huayan)
- Huayan (Avataṃsaka)
- Chán / Zen / Seon / Thien
- Pure Land (Amidism)
- Tiantai (Lotus Sutra School)
- Nichiren
Vajrayāna[edit]
Main article: Vajrayana
- Tibetan Buddhism
- Nyingma
- New Bön (synthesis ofYungdrung Bön andNyingmapa)
- Kadam
- Sakya
- Jonang
- Gelug
- Kagyu:
- Shangpa Kagyu
- Marpa Kagyu:
- Rechung Kagyu
- Dagpo Kagyu:
- Karma Kagyu (or Kamtshang Kagyu)
- Tsalpa Kagyu
- Baram Kagyu
- Pagtru Kagyu (or Phagmo Drugpa Kagyu):
- Rime movement (ecumenical movement)
- Japanese Mikkyo
Early Buddhist schools[edit]
Main article: Early Buddhist schools
- Mahāsaṃghika
- Ekavyahārikas (during Aśoka)
- Golulaka (during Aśoka)
- Bahuśrutīya (late third century BCE)
- Prajñaptivāda (late third century BCE)
- Caitika (mid-first century BCE)
- Cetiyavāda
- Sthaviravāda
- Pudgalavāda ('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE)
- Vatsīputrīya (during Aśoka) later name: Saṃmitīya
- Dharmottarīya
- Bhadrayānīya
- Sannāgarika
- Vibhajjavāda (prior to 240 BCE; during Aśoka)
- Theravāda (c. 240 BCE)
- Mahīśāsaka (after 232 BCE)
- Dharmaguptaka (after 232 BCE)
- Sarvāstivāda (c. 237 BCE)
- Kāśyapīya (after 232 BCE)
- Sautrāntika (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE)
- Mūlasarvāstivāda (3rd and 4th centuries)
- Vaibhashika
- Pudgalavāda ('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE)
Buddhist modernism[edit]
Main article: Buddhist modernism
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Sōka Gakkai
- Vipassana movement
- New Kadampa Tradition
- Friends of the Western Buddhist Order
- Fo Guang Shan
Buddhism worldwide[edit]
Main article: Buddhism by country
- Buddhism by country
- Buddhism in the East
- Buddhism in the Middle East
- Buddhism in the West
- Buddhism in Africa
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Buddhist scriptures and texts[edit]
Main article: Buddhist texts
Theravada texts[edit]
Main article: Pali literature
- Pāli Canon (Tipitaka)
- Vinaya Pitaka — Basket of Discipline
- Suttavibhanga
- Patimokkha — Buddhist Monastic Code
- Khandhaka
- Mahāvagga
- Cullavagga
- Parivara
- Suttavibhanga
- Sutta Pitaka — Basket of Discourses
- Digha Nikaya — the Long Discourses
- Brahmajala Sutta— Discourse on the Net of Perfect Wisdom
- Samaññaphala Sutta — The Fruit of Contemplative Life Discourse
- Kevatta Sutta
- Mahaparinibbana Sutta — The Last Days of the Buddha
- Mahasatipatthana Sutta — The Great Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness
- Aggañña Sutta
- Sigalovada Sutta
- Majjhima Nikaya — the Middle-length Discourses
- Sammaditthi Sutta — Discourse on Right View
- Satipatthana Sutta — The Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness
- Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta
- Anapanasati Sutta — Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing
- Samyutta Nikaya — the Connected Discourses
- Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta — Setting Rolling the Wheel of Truth (Buddha's first discourse)
- Anattalakkhana Sutta — The Nonself Characteristic (Buddha's second discourse)
- Fire Sermon — Buddha's third discourse
- Anguttara Nikaya — the Numerical Discourses
- Dighajanu Sutta
- Dona Sutta
- Kalama Sutta
- Upajjhatthana Sutta — Subjects for Contemplation
- Khuddaka Nikaya — the Minor Collection
- Khuddakapatha
- Mangala Sutta
- Ratana Sutta
- Karaṇīya Mettā Sutta — The Hymn of Universal Love
- Dhammapada — The Path of Truth
- Udana — Inspired utterances
- Itivuttaka
- Suttanipata
- Uraga Vagga
- Cula Vagga
- Maha Vagga
- Atthaka Vagga
- Parayana Vagga
- Vimanavatthu
- Petavatthu
- Theragatha — Verses of the Elder Monks
- Therigatha — Verses of the Elder Nuns
- Jataka tales — Buddha's former lives
- Niddesa
- Patisambhidamagga — Path of discrimination
- Apadana
- Buddhavamsa
- Cariyapitaka
- Nettipakarana
- Petakopadesa
- Milindapanha
- Khuddakapatha
- Digha Nikaya — the Long Discourses
- Abhidhamma Pitaka — Basket of Ultimate Doctrine
- Vinaya Pitaka — Basket of Discipline
- Anupitaka — non-canonical or extra-canonical Pāli literature
- Commentaries — commentaries on the Tipitaka
- Subcommentaries — commentaries on the commentaries on the Tipitaka
- Visuddhimagga — The Path of Purification, considered the most important Theravada text outside of the Tipitaka canon of scriptures
- Vimuttimagga — The Path of Freedom, manual of meditation
- Abhidhammattha Sangaha — A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
Mahayana texts[edit]
- Mahayana sutras
- Angulimaliya Sutra
- Brahmajala Sutra
- Innumerable Meanings Sutra
- Lalitavistara Sutra
- Lankavatara Sutra
- Lotus Sutra
- Perfection of Wisdom sutras (Prajñāpāramitā)
- Ten Stages Sutra
- Vimalakirti-nirdesa Sutra
- Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment
- Platform Sutra
- Amitabha Sutra
- Avatamsaka Sutra
- Contemplation Sutra
- Infinite Life Sutra
- Mahaparinirvana Sutra
- Mahasamnipata Sutra
- Sanghata Sutra
- Shurangama Sutra
- Sutra of Forty-Two Sections
- Sutra of Golden Light
- Sutra of The Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva
- Āgamas
- Chinese Buddhist canon
Vajrayana texts[edit]
History of Buddhism[edit]
Main article: History of Buddhism
- Timeline of Buddhism
- Early Buddhism
- Pre-sectarian Buddhism
- Buddhist councils
- World Buddhist Forum, 2006
- Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
- History of Buddhism in India
- Greco-Buddhism
- Buddhism and the Roman world
- Buddhist crisis
Doctrines of Buddhism[edit]
Main articles: Dharma (Buddhism) and Glossary of Buddhism
Three Jewels (Tiratana •Triratna)[edit]
Main article: Three Jewels
- Buddha — Gautama Buddha, the Blessed One, the Awakened One, the Teacher
- Accomplished (arahaṃ •arhat)
- Fully enlightened (sammā-sambuddho •samyak-saṃbuddha)
- Perfect in true knowledge and conduct (vijjā-caraṇa sampanno •vidyā-caraṇa-saṃpanna)
- Sublime (sugato •sugata)
- Knower of the world (lokavidū • loka-vid)
- Incomparable leader of persons to be tamed (anuttaro purisa-damma-sārathi • puruṣa-damya-sārathi)
- Teacher of gods and humans (satthā deva-manussānaṃ • śāsta deva-manuṣyāṇaṃ)
- The Enlightened One (buddho)
- The Blessed One (bhagavā •bhagavat)
- Dhamma (Dharma) — the cosmic principle of truth, lawfulness, and virtue discovered, fathomed, and taught by the Buddha; the Buddha's teaching as an expression of that principle; the teaching that leads to enlightenment and liberation
- Well expounded by the Blessed One (svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo •svākhyāta)
- Directly visible (sandiṭṭhiko • sāṃdṛṣṭika)
- Immediate (akāliko • akālika)
- Inviting one to come and see (ehi-passiko • ehipaśyika)
- Worthy of application (opanayiko • avapraṇayika)
- To be personally experienced by the wise (paccattaṃ veditabbo viññūhi • pratyātmaṃ veditavyo vijñaiḥ)
- Saṅgha (Saṃgha) — the spiritual community, which is twofold (1) the monastic Saṅgha, the order of monks and nuns; and (2) the noble Saṅgha, the spiritual community of noble disciples who have reached the stages of world-transcending realization
- Practicing the good way (supaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho)
- Practicing the straight way (ujupaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho)
- Practicing the true way (ñāyapaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho)
- Practicing the proper way (sāmīcipaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho)
- Worthy of gifts (āhuṇeyyo)
- Worthy of hospitality (pāhuṇeyyo)
- Worthy of offerings (dakkhiṇeyyo)
- Worthy of reverential salutation (añjalikaraṇīyo)
- The unsurpassed field of merit for the world (anuttaraṃ puññākkhettaṃ lokassā)
Four Noble Truths (Cattāri ariyasaccāni • Catvāri āryasatyāni)[edit]
Main article: Four Noble Truths
1. The Noble Truth of Suffering (Dukkha ariya sacca)[edit]
- Suffering (dukkha • duḥkha) — to be fully understood (pariññeyya)
- Dukkha as intrinsic suffering, as bodily or mental pain (dukkha-dukkha)
- Dukkha due to change (vipariṇāma-dukkha)
- Association with the unpleasant (appiyehi sampayogo)
- Separation from the pleasant (piyehi vippayogo)
- Not to get what one wants (yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi)
- Dukkha of conditioned formations (saṅkhāra-dukkha)
- Five aggregates of clinging (pañcupādānakkhandha)
- material form (rūpa)
- feeling (vedanā)
- perception (saññā • samjñā)
- mental formations (saṅkhāra • samskāra)
- consciousness (viññāṇa • vijñāna)
- Five aggregates of clinging (pañcupādānakkhandha)
2. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering (Dukkha samudaya ariya sacca)[edit]
3. The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering (Dukkha nirodha ariya sacca)[edit]
- Nirvana (Nibbāna • Nirvāṇa) (nirodha) — to be realized (sacchikātabba)
- Nibbāna element with residue remaining (sa-upādisesa nibbānadhātu• sopadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa)
- Nibbāna element with no residue remaining (anupādisesa nibbānadhātu • nir-upadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa) — Parinirvana (parinibbāna •parinirvāṇa)
4. The Noble Truth of the Path leading to the Cessation of Suffering (Dukkha nirodha gāminī paṭipadā ariya sacca)[edit]
- Noble Eightfold Path (Ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo • Ārya 'ṣṭāṅga mārgaḥ) —to be developed (bhāvetabba)
- Right view
- Right intention
- Right speech
- Right action
- Right livelihood
- Right effort
- Right mindfulness
- Right concentration
Three Marks of Existence (Tilakkhaṇa • Trilakṣaṇa)[edit]
Main article: Three marks of existence
- Impermanence (anicca • anitya)
- Suffering (dukkha • duḥkha)
- Nonself (anattā • anātman)
Five Aggregates (Pañca khandha • Pañca-skandha)[edit]
Main article: Skandha
- Form (rūpa)
- Four Great Elements (mahābhūta)
- Earth element (paṭhavī-dhātu)
- Water (or liquid) element (āpo-dhātu)
- Fire (or heat) element (tejo-dhātu)
- Air (or wind) element (vāyo-dhātu)
- Four Great Elements (mahābhūta)
- Feeling (vedanā)
- Pleasant feeling (sukha)
- Painful feeling (dukkha • duḥkha)
- Neither-painful-nor-pleasant (neutral) feeling (adukkham-asukhā)
- Perception (saññā • samjñā)
- Mental formations (saṅkhāra • samskāra) — see below
- Consciousness (viññāṇa • vijñāna)
Dependent Origination (Paticcasamuppāda •Pratītyasamutpāda)[edit]
Main article: Pratītyasamutpāda
Specific Conditionality (Idappaccayatā)[edit]
Main article: Idappaccayatā
When this is, that is. From the arising of this comes the arising of that. When this isn't, that isn't. From the cessation of this comes the cessation of that. | Imasmiṃ sati, idaṃ hoti. Imass’ uppādā, idaṃ uppajjati. Imasmiṃ asati, idaṃ na hoti. Imassa nirodhā, idhaṃ nirujjhati. |
Twelve Links (Nidāna)[edit]
Main article: Twelve Nidānas
Former life[edit]
- Ignorance (avijjā • avidyā)
- Not knowing suffering
- Not knowing the origin of suffering
- Not knowing the cessation of suffering
- Not knowing the way leading to the cessation of suffering
- Volitional formations (saṅkhāra • saṃskāra)
- Bodily formation
- Verbal formation
- Mental formation
Current life[edit]
- Consciousness (viññāṇa • vijñāna)
- Eye-consciousness
- Ear-consciousness
- Nose-consciousness
- Tongue-consciousness
- Body-consciousness
- Mind-consciousness
- Name and form (nāmarūpa)
- Name (nāma)
- Feeling (vedanā)
- Perception (saññā • samjñā)
- Volition (cetanā)
- Contact (phassa)
- Attention (manasikāra)
- Form (rūpa)
- Name (nāma)
- Six sense bases (saḷāyatana • ṣaḍāyatana)
- Eye-base
- Ear-base
- Nose-base
- Tongue-base
- Body-base
- Mind-base
- Contact (phassa • sparśa)
- Eye-contact
- Ear-contact
- Nose-contact
- Tongue-contact
- Body-contact
- Mind-contact
- Feeling (vedanā)
- Feeling born of eye-contact
- Feeling born of ear-contact
- Feeling born of nose-contact
- Feeling born of tongue-contact
- Feeling born of body-contact
- Feeling born of mind-contact
- Craving (taṇhā • tṛṣṇā)
- Craving for forms
- Craving for sounds
- Craving for odors
- Craving for flavors
- Craving for tangibles
- Craving for mind-objects
- Clinging (upādāna)
- Clinging to sensual pleasures (kāmupādāna)
- Clinging to views (diṭṭhupādāna)
- Clinging to rituals and observances (sīlabbatupādāna)
- Clinging to a doctrine of self (attavādupādāna)
- Becoming (bhava)
- Sense-sphere becoming
- Fine-material becoming
- Immaterial becoming
Future life[edit]
- Birth (jāti)
- Old age and death (jarāmaraṇa)
Transcendental Dependent Origination[edit]
- Suffering (dukkha • duḥkha)
- Faith (saddhā • śraddhā)
- Joy (pāmojja)
- Rapture (pīti • prīti)
- Tranquillity (passaddhi)
- Happiness (sukha)
- Concentration (samādhi)
- Knowledge and vision of things as they really are (yathābhūta-ñāna-dassana)
- Disenchantment with worldly life (nibbidā)
- Dispassion (virāga)
- Freedom (vimutti)
- Knowledge of destruction of the taints (āsava-khaye-ñāna)
Karma (Kamma)[edit]
Main article: Karma in Buddhism
- Definition — volitional action, considered particularly as a moral force capable of producing, for the agent, results that correspond to the ethical quality of the action; thus good karma produces happiness, and bad karma produces suffering
- Result of karma (vipāka)
- Intention (cetanā)
- Wholesome intention (kusala)
- Unwholesome intention (akusala)
- Three doors of action (kammadvara)
- Roots (mula)
- Courses of action (kammapatha)
- Unwholesome
- Bodily
- Destroying life
- Taking what is not given
- Wrong conduct in regard to sense pleasures
- Verbal
- False speech
- Slanderous speech
- Harsh speech
- Idle chatter
- Mental
- Covetousness
- Ill will
- Wrong view
- Bodily
- Wholesome
- Bodily
- Abstaining from destroying life
- Abstaining from taking what is not given
- Abstaining from wrong conduct in regard to sense pleasures
- Verbal
- Abstaining from false speech
- Abstaining from slanderous speech
- Abstaining from harsh speech
- Abstaining from idle chatter
- Mental
- Being free from covetousness
- Being free from ill will
- Holding right view
- Bodily
- Unwholesome
- Function
- Reproductive kamma (janaka kamma) — that which produces mental aggregates and material aggregates at the moment of conception
- Supportive kamma (upatthambhaka kamma) — that which comes near the Reproductive Kamma and supports it
- Obstructive kamma (upapiḍaka kamma) — that which tends to weaken, interrupt and retard the fruition of the Reproductive Kamma
- Destructive kamma (upaghātaka kamma) — that which not only obstructs but also destroys the whole force of the Reproductive Kamma
- Order to take effect
- Weighty kamma (garuka kamma) — that which produces its results in this life or in the next for certain
- Five heinous crimes, causing rebirth in hell immediately after death (ānantarika-kamma)
- Proximate kamma (āsanna kamma) — that which one does or remembers immediately before the dying moment
- Habitual kamma (āciṇṇa kamma) — that which one habitually performs and recollects and for which one has a great liking
- Reserve kamma (kaṭattā kamma) — refers to all actions that are done once and soon forgotten
- Weighty kamma (garuka kamma) — that which produces its results in this life or in the next for certain
- Time of taking effect
- Immediately effective kamma (diţţhadhammavedaniya kamma)
- Subsequently effective kamma (upapajjavedaniya kamma)
- Indefinitely effective kamma (aṗarāpariyavedaniya kamma)
- Defunct kamma (ahosi kamma)
- Place of taking effect
- Immoral (akusala) kamma pertaining to the sense-sphere (kamavacara)
- Moral (kusala) kamma pertaining to the sense-sphere (kamavacara)
- Moral kamma pertaining to the form-sphere (rupavacara)
- Moral kamma pertaining to the formless-sphere (arupavacara)
- Niyama Dhammas
- Utu Niyama — Physical Inorganic Order (seasonal changes and climate), the natural law pertaining to physical objects and changes in the natural environment, such as the weather; the way flowers bloom in the day and fold up at night; the way soil, water and nutrients help a tree to grow; and the way things disintegrate and decompose. This perspective emphasizes the changes brought about by heat or temperature
- Bīja Niyama — Physical Organic Order (laws of heredity), the natural law pertaining to heredity, which is best described in the adage, “as the seed, so the fruit”
- Citta Niyama — Order of Mind and Psychic Law (will of mind), the natural law pertaining to the workings of the mind, the process of cognition of sense objects and the mental reactions to them
- Kamma Niyama — Order of Acts and Results (consequences of one's actions), the natural law pertaining to human behavior, the process of the generation of action and its results. In essence, this is summarized in the words, “good deeds bring good results, bad deeds bring bad results”
- Dhamma Niyama — Order of the Norm (nature's tendency to produce a perfect type), the natural law governing the relationship and interdependence of all things: the way all things arise, exist and then cease. All conditions are subject to change, are in a state of affliction and are not self: this is the Norm
Rebirth (Punabbhava • Punarbhava)[edit]
Main article: Rebirth (Buddhism)
- Saṃsāra — Lit., the "wandering," the round of rebirths without discoverable beginning, sustained by ignorance and craving
Buddhist cosmology[edit]
Main article: Buddhist cosmology
- Six realms
- Heaven (sagga)
- Tusita — one of the six deva-worlds of thekāmadhātu
- Tāvatiṃsa — the fifth of the heavens of thekāmadhātu, and the highest of the heavens that maintains a physical connection with the rest of the world
- Four Heavenly Kings
- Demigod realm (asura)
- Human realm (mānusatta)
- Hungry Ghost realm (peta • preta)
- Animal realm
- Hell (niraya • naraka)
- Avīci — the lowest level of the hell realm
- Heaven (sagga)
- Three planes of existence (tiloka • triloka)
- World of desire (kāmaloka)
- World of form (rūpaloka)
- World of formlessness (arūpaloka)
- Ten spiritual realms
- Buddhahood
- Bodhisattva — Bodhisattvahood
- Pratyekabuddha — Realization
- Sāvakabuddha — Learning
- Deva — Heaven
- Asura — Paranoid jealousy
- Human beings in Buddhism — Humanity
- Animals in Buddhism — Animality
- Preta — Hunger
- Naraka — Hell
Sense bases (Āyatana)[edit]
Main article: Ayatana
- Six sense bases (saḷāyatana • ṣaḍāyatana)
Six Great Elements (Dhātu)[edit]
- Earth element (paṭhavī-dhātu)
- Water (or liquid) element (āpo-dhātu)
- Fire element (tejo-dhātu)
- Air (or wind) element (vāyo-dhātu)
- Space element (ākāsa-dhātu)
- Consciousness element (viññāṇa-dhātu)
Faculties (Indriya)[edit]
Main article: Indriya
- Six sensory faculties
- Eye/vision faculty (cakkh-undriya)
- Ear/hearing faculty (sot-indriya)
- Nose/smell faculty (ghān-indriya)
- Tongue/taste faculty (jivh-indriya)
- Body/sensibility faculty (kāy-indriya)
- Mind faculty (man-indriya)
- Three physical faculties
- Femininity (itth-indriya)
- Masculinity (puris-indriya)
- Life or vitality (jīvit-indriya)
- Five feeling faculties
- Physical pleasure (sukh-indriya)
- Physical pain (dukkh-indriya)
- Mental joy (somanasa-indriya)
- Mental grief (domanass-indriya)
- Indifference (upekh-indriya)
- Five spiritual faculties
- Faith (saddh-indriya)
- Energy (viriy-indriya)
- Mindfulness (sat-indriya)
- Concentration (samādhi-indriya)
- Wisdom (paññ-indriya)
- Three final-knowledge faculties
- Thinking "I shall know the unknown" (anaññāta-ñassāmīt-indriya)
- Gnosis (aññ-indriya)
- One who knows (aññātā-vindriya)
Formations (Saṅkhāra • Saṃskāra)[edit]
Main article: Saṅkhāra
Mental Factors (Cetasika • Caitasika )[edit]
Main article: Mental factors (Buddhism)
Theravāda abhidhamma[edit]
- Seven universal mental factors common to all; ethically variable mental factors common to all consciousnesses (sabbacittasādhāraṇa cetasikas)
- Contact (phassa)
- Feeling (vedanā)
- Perception (saññā)
- Volition (cetanā)
- One-pointedness (ekaggatā)
- Life Faculty (jīvitindriya)
- Attention (manasikāra)
- Six occasional or particular mental factors; ethically variable mental factors found only in certain consciousnesses (pakiṇṇaka cetasikas)
- Application of thought (vitakka)
- Examining (vicāra)
- Decision (adhimokkha)
- Energy (viriya)
- Rapture (pīti)
- Desire (to act) (chanda)
- Fourteen unwholesome mental factors (akusala cetasikas)
- Four universal unwholesome mental facrors (akusalasādhāraṇa):
- Delusion (moha)
- Lack of shame (ahirika)
- Disregard for consequence (anottappa)
- Restlessness (uddhacca)
- Three mental factors of the greed-group (lobha):
- Greed (lobha)
- Wrong view (diṭṭhi)
- Conceit (māna)
- Four mental factors of the hatred-group (dosa)
- Hatred (dosa)
- Envy (issā)
- Miserliness (macchariya)
- Regret (kukkucca)
- Other unwholesome mental factors
- Four universal unwholesome mental facrors (akusalasādhāraṇa):
- Twenty-five beautiful mental factors (sobhana cetasikas)
- Nineteen universal beautiful mental factors (sobhanasādhāraṇa):
- Faith (saddhā)
- Mindfulness (sati)
- Shame at doing evil (hiri)
- Regard for consequence (ottappa)
- Lack of greed (alobha)
- Lack of hatred (adosa)
- Balance, neutrality of mind (tatramajjhattatā)
- Tranquillity of mental body (kāyapassaddhi)
- Tranquillity of consciousness (cittapassaddhi)
- Lightness of mental body (kāyalahutā)
- Lightness of consciousness (cittalahutā)
- Softness/malleability of mental body (kāyamudutā)
- Softness/malleability of consciousness (cittamudutā)
- Readiness/wieldiness of mental body (kāyakammaññatā)
- Readiness/wieldiness of consciousness (cittakammaññatā)
- Proficiency of mental body (kāyapāguññatā)
- Proficiency of consciousness (cittapāguññatā)
- Straightness/rectitude of mental body (kāyujukatā)
- Straightness/rectitude of consciousness (cittujukatā)
- Three Abstinences (virati):
- Right speech (sammāvācā)
- Right action (sammākammanta)
- Right livelihood (sammā-ājīva)
- Two Illimitables (appamañña):
- Compassion (karuṇā)
- Sympathetic joy (muditā)
- One Faculty of wisdom (paññindriya):
- Wisdom (paññā • prajñā)
- Nineteen universal beautiful mental factors (sobhanasādhāraṇa):
Mahayana abhidharma[edit]
- Five universal mental factors (sarvatraga) common to all:
- Sparśa — contact, contacting awareness, sense impression, touch
- Vedanā — feeling, sensation
- Saṃjñā — perception
- Cetanā — volition
- Manasikara — attention
- Five determining mental factors (viṣayaniyata):
- Chanda — desire (to act), intention, interest
- Adhimoksha — decision, interest, firm conviction
- Smṛti — mindfulness
- Prajñā — wisdom
- Samādhi — concentration
- Eleven virtuous (kuśala) mental factors
- Sraddhā — faith
- Hrī — self-respect, conscientiousness, sense of shame
- Apatrāpya — decorum, regard for consequence
- Alobha — non-attachment
- Adveṣa — non-aggression, equanimity, lack of hatred
- Amoha — non-bewilderment
- Vīrya — diligence, effort
- Praśrabdhi — pliancy
- Apramāda — conscientiousness
- Upekṣa — equanimity
- Ahiṃsā — nonharmfulness
- Six root mental defilements (mūlakleśa):
- Raga — attachment
- Pratigha — anger
- Avidya — ignorance
- Māna — pride, conceit
- Vicikitsa — doubt
- Dṛiṣṭi — wrong view
- Twenty secondary defilement (upakleśa):
- Krodha — rage, fury
- Upanāha — resentment
- Mrakśa — concealment, slyness-concealment
- Pradāśa — spitefulness
- Irshya — envy, jealousy
- Mātsarya — stinginess, avarice, miserliness
- Māyā — pretense, deceit
- Śāṭhya — hypocrisy, dishonesty
- Mada — self-infatuation, mental inflation, self-satisfaction
- Vihiṃsā — malice, hostility, cruelty, intention to harm
- Āhrīkya — lack of shame, lack of conscious, shamelessness
- Anapatrāpya — lack of propriety, disregard, shamelessness
- Styāna — lethargy, gloominess
- Auddhatya — excitement, ebullience
- Āśraddhya — lack of faith, lack of trust
- Kausīdya — laziness, slothfulness
- Pramāda — heedlessness, carelessness, unconcern
- Muṣitasmṛtitā — forgetfulness
- Asaṃprajanya — non-alertness, inattentiveness
- Vikṣepa — distraction, desultoriness
- Four changeable mental factors (aniyata):
- Kaukṛitya — regret, worry,
- Middha — sleep, drowsiness
- Vitarka — conception, selectiveness, examination
- Vicāra — discernment, discursiveness, analysis
Mind and Consciousness[edit]
- Citta — Mind, mindset, or state of mind
- Cetasika — Mental factors
- Manas — Mind, general thinking faculty
- Consciousness (viññāṇa)
- Mindstream (citta-saṃtāna) — the moment-to-moment continuity of consciousness
- Bhavanga — the most fundamental aspect of mind in Theravada
- Luminous mind (pabhassara citta)
- Consciousness-only (vijñapti-mātratā)
- Eight Consciousnesses (aṣṭavijñāna)
- Eye-consciousness — seeing apprehended by the visual sense organs
- Ear-consciousness — hearing apprehended by the auditory sense organs
- Nose-consciousness — smelling apprehended through the olfactory organs
- Tongue-consciousness — tasting perceived through the gustatory organs
- Ideation-consciousness — the aspect of mind known in Sanskrit as the "mind monkey"; the consciousness of ideation
- Body-consciousness — tactile feeling apprehended through skin contact, touch
- The manas consciousness — obscuration-consciousness — a consciousness which through apprehension, gathers the hindrances, the poisons, the karmic formations
- Store-house consciousness (ālāyavijñāna) — the seed consciousness, the consciousness which is the basis of the other seven
- Conceptual Proliferation (papañca • prapañca) — the deluded conceptualization of the world through the use of ever-expanding language and concepts
- Monkey mind — unsettled, restless mind
Obstacles to Enlightenment[edit]
- Taints (āsava)
- Sensual desire (kāmāsava)
- Becoming (bhavāsava)
- Wrong view (diṭṭhāsava)
- Ignorance (avijjāsava)
- Defilements (kilesa • kleśā)
- Three poisons
- Greed (attachment) (lobha • rāga)
- Hatred (aversion) (dosa • dvesha)
- Delusion (ignorance) (moha)
- Round of defilements (kilesa-vaṭṭa)
- Three poisons
- Four perversions of view, thought and perception (vipallasa)
- Taking what is impermanent (anicca • anitya) to be permanent (nicca •nitya)
- Taking what is suffering (dukkha • duḥkha) to be happiness (sukha)
- Taking what is nonself (anattā • anātman) to be self (attā • ātman)
- Taking what is not beautiful (asubha) to be beautiful (subha)
- Five hindrances (pañca nīvaraṇā) — the main inner impediments to the development of concentration and insight
- Sensual desire (kāmacchanda) — craving for pleasure to the senses
- Ill-will (vyāpāda) — feelings of malice directed toward others
- Sloth and torpor (thīna-middha) — half-hearted action with little or no concentration
- Restlessness and remorse (uddhacca-kukkucca) — the inability to calm the mind
- Doubt (vicikicchā) — lack of conviction or trust
- Latent tendencies (anusaya)
- Sensual passion (kāma-rāga)
- Resistance (patigha)
- Views (diṭṭhi)
- Doubt (vicikicchā)
- Conceit (māna)
- Craving for continued existence (bhavarāga)
- Ignorance (avijjā • avidyā)
- Ten Fetters (saṃyojana)
- Identity view (sakkāyadiṭṭhi) — the view of a truly existent self either as identical with the five aggregates, or as existing in some relation to them
- Eternity-belief (sassata-diṭṭhi)
- Annihilation-belief (uccheda-diṭṭhi)
- Doubt (vicikicchā) — doubt about the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Saṅgha, or the training
- Wrong grasp of rules and observances (sīlabbata-parāmāsa) — the belief that mere external observances, particularly religious rituals and ascetic practices, can lead to liberation
- Sensual lust (kāmacchando)
- Ill will (vyāpādo)
- Desire for existence in the form realm (rūparāgo)
- Desire for existence in the formless realm (arūparāgo)
- Conceit (māna)
- Restlessness (uddhacca)
- Ignorance (avijjā • avidyā)
- Identity view (sakkāyadiṭṭhi) — the view of a truly existent self either as identical with the five aggregates, or as existing in some relation to them
Two Kinds of Happiness (Sukha)[edit]
- Bodily happiness (kayasukha)
- Mental happiness (cittasukha)
Two Kinds of Bhava[edit]
- Kamma Bhava — kammas caused by four Upadanas
- Upapatti Bhava — rebirth bhava
Two Guardians of the World (Sukka lokapala)[edit]
- Shame at doing evil (hiri)
- Fear of the results of wrongdoing (ottappa)
Three Conceits[edit]
- "I am better"
- "I am equal"
- "I am worse"
Three Standpoints[edit]
- Gratification (assāda)
- Danger (ādinava)
- Escape (nissaraṇa)
Three Primary Aims[edit]
- Welfare and happiness directly visible in this present life, attained by fulfilling one's moral commitments and social responsibilities (diṭṭha-dhamma-hitasukha)
- Welfare and happiness pertaining to the next life, attained by engaging in meritorious deeds (samparāyika-hitasukha)
- The ultimate good or supreme goal, Nibbāna, final release from the cycle of rebirths, attained by developing the Noble Eightfold Path (paramattha)
Three Divisions of the Dharma[edit]
- Study (pariyatti)
- Practice (paṭipatti)
- Realization (pativedha)
Four Kinds of Nutriment[edit]
- Physical food [either gross or subtle] (kabalinkaro)
- Contact (phasso dutiyo)
- Mental volition (manosancetana)
- Consciousness (viññāṇa • vijñāna)
Four Kinds of Acquisitions (Upadhi)[edit]
- The Five Aggregates (khandha • skandha)
- Defilements (kilesa • kleśā)
- Volitional formations (saṅkhāra • saṃskāra)
- Sensual pleasures (kāmacchanda)
Eight Worldly Conditions[edit]
- The "Eight Worldly Winds" referenced in discussions of Equanimity(upekkhā, upekṣhā)
Truth (Sacca • Satya)[edit]
- Four Noble Truths (cattāri ariyasaccāni • catvāri āryasatyāni)
- Suffering (dukkha • duḥkha)
- Cause of suffering (samudaya)
- Cessation of suffering (nirodha)
- Path leading to the cessation of suffering (magga • marga)
- Two truths doctrine
- Conventional truth (sammutisacca • saṃvṛtisatya)
- Ultimate truth (paramatthasacca • paramārthasatya)
Higher Knowledge (Abhiñña • Abhijña)[edit]
Main article: Abhijna
- Six types of higher knowledges (chalabhiñña)
- Supernormal powers (iddhi)
- Multiplying the body into many and into one again
- Appearing and vanishing at will
- Passing through solid objects as if space
- Ability to rise and sink in the ground as if in water
- Walking on water as if land
- Flying through the skies
- Touching anything at any distance (even the moon or sun)
- Traveling to other worlds (like the world of Brahma) with or without the body
- Divine ear (dibba-sota), that is, clairaudience
- Mind-penetrating knowledge (ceto-pariya-ñāṇa), that is, telepathy
- Remembering one's former abodes (pubbe-nivāsanussati), that is, recalling one's own past lives
- Divine eye (dibba-cakkhu), that is, knowing others' karmic destinations
- Extinction of mental intoxicants (āsavakkhaya), upon whicharahantship follows
- Supernormal powers (iddhi)
- Three knowledges (tevijja)
- Remembering one's former abodes (pubbe-nivāsanussati)
- Divine eye (dibba-cakkhu)
- Extinction of mental intoxicants (āsavakkhaya)
Great fruits of the contemplative life (Maha-Phala)[edit]
Main article: Phala
- Equanimity (upekkhā, upekṣhā)
- Fearlessness (nibbhaya)
- Freedom from unhappiness & suffering (asukhacaadukkha)
- Meditative Absorption (samādhi)
- Out-of-body experience (manomaya)
- Clairaudience (dibba-sota)
- Intuition and mental telepathy (ceto-pariya-ñána)
- Recollection of past lives (patisandhi)
- Clairvoyance (dibba-cakkhu)
- The Ending of Mental Fermentations (samatha)
Concepts unique to Mahayana and Vajrayana[edit]
- Bardo — Intermediate state
- Shinay bardo — the Bardo of This Life
- Milam bardo — the Bardo of Dream
- Samten bardo — the Bardo of Meditation
- Chikkhai bardo — the Bardo of Dying
- Chönyid bardo — the Bardo of Dharmata
- Sidpai bardo — the Bardo of Existence
- Bodhicitta — the wish to attain Buddhahood
- Bodhisattva — name given to anyone who has generated bodhicitta
- Buddha-nature — immortal potency or element within the purest depths of the mind, present in all sentient beings, for awakening and becoming a Buddha
- Dzogchen — the natural, primordial state or natural condition of every sentient being
- Eternal Buddha
- Lung (Tibetan Buddhism)
- Pure land
- Rainbow body — a body not made of flesh, but consists of pure light, an astral body
- Svabhava — Intrinsic nature
- Tathātā/Dharmatā — Thusness
- Dharmadhatu — Realm of Truth
- Terma
- Three Vajras
- Three Roots
- Lama
- Iṣṭha-deva(tā) — Yidam
- Dakini/Dharmapala
- Trikaya
- Upāya — Skillful means
Other concepts[edit]
- Emptiness (suññatā • śūnyatā)
- Middle way (majjhimā paṭipadā • madhyamā-pratipad) — the Buddhist path of non-extremism
- Avoiding the extreme of sensual indulgence (kāmesu kāma-sukha-allika)
- Avoiding the extreme of self-mortification (atta-kilamatha)
- Sentient beings (satta • sattva)
Reference : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism