บทที่ 15- GERUNDS and PRESENT PARTICIPLES

( 15)  GERUNDS and PRESENT PARTICIPLES Gerund is a word that functions as a noun. It is derived by adding ‘–ing’ to the end of a verb (jog), e.g. “Jogging is a good way of exercising”. A present participle is formed by adding ‘-ing’ to the verb, as in ‘reading’., e.g. “He may be reading the newspaper now”. A gerund is used: ·      as the subject of the sentence. Example: Waiting for a bus can take a long time. ·        as the object of a verb. Example: “Will you stop crying?” ·        as a verbal noun, i.e. as a verb doing the work of a noun. Example: Her scolding frightened her children. ·        after a verb. Example: The gate needs repainting. ·        after “busy”. Example: She is busy cooking for dinner. ·        with a preposition. Example: We are tired after walking for two hours. ·        after a phrasal verb. Example: If we carry on working, we can complete it today. A present participle is used: ·        immediately after a subject to which it refers. Example: People driving in the rain have to drive carefully. ·        after a verb. Example: He went fishing with his friends. ·        after a noun. It tells us what a person or thing is doing. Example: She heard them talking about her. Example: I saw a rock rolling down the hill. ·        as an adjective. Example: That twinkling star is much brighter than the rest. ·        to show that a person is doing two things at the same time. Example: He is sitting outside the house, watching people pass by. ·        to form the continuous tense. Example: He is washing his car. ·        when one action is followed by another. Example: Walking on the beach, he threw a ball to his friend.