วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 12 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2555

บทที่1 คำนาม NOUNS

NOUNS  คำนาม
KINDS OF NOUNS: ชนิดของคำนาม
§            Common Nouns สามนยนาม – are names of people (e.g. man), things (e.g. books),animals (e.g. monkey) and places (church).
§           Proper Nouns วิสามานยนาม  are special names of people (e.g. George Bush), things (e.g. Financial Times), animals (e.g. King Kong) and places (e.g. Paris). A proper noun begins with a Capital Letter.
§            Abstract Nouns นามธรรมนาม – An abstract noun is the name of something that we can only think of or feel but cannot see (e.g. friendship).
§           Collective Nouns สมุหนาม – are names used for a number of people,
things or animals together and treated as one. For example: a group of friends, a bunch of bananas, a litter of puppies.     
§           Countable and Uncountable Nounsนามนับได้และนามนับไม่ได้ – Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted (e.g. trees). Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot be counted. (e.g. smoke).

Countable and Uncountable Nouns are used with the following: ใช้ดังนี้

COUNTABLE NOUN นับได้

UNCOUNTABLE NOUN นับไม่ได้

a, an, a few, several, many,
a little, much, some, plenty of,
some, plenty of, a lot of,
a lot of, a large amount of,
a large number of
a great deal of
Nouns have four genders:
1.         Masculine Gender เพศชาย – The masculine gender is used for all males. Example: boy, man
2.         Feminine Genderเพศหญิง – The feminine gender is used for all females. Example: girl, woman
3.         Common Genderเพศ ทั่วไป – The common gender is used where the noun can be both male and female. Example: cousin, friend, person, child, student
4.         Neuter Genderไม่มีเพศ – The neuter gender is used for things which have no life or sex. Example: table, chair.

Singular and Plural Nouns – A noun that shows only one person (e.g. a girl), thing (e.g. pencil), animal (e.g. tiger) or place (e.g. market) is called a singular noun).
A noun that shows more than one person (e.g. girls), thing (e.g. pencils), animal (e.g. tigers) or place (e.g. markets) is called a plural noun.
How plural nouns are formed.
By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in –ch, –s, –sh and –x.
beach
beaches
peach
peaches
branch
branches
speech
speeches
ditch
ditches
watch
watches

boss
bosses
glass
glasses
bus
buses
lens
lenses
chorus
choruses
pass
passes

brush
brushes
fish
fishes
bush
bushes
lash
lashes
dish
dishes
wish
wishes

box
boxes
hoax
hoaxes
fax
faxes
six
sixes
fox
foxes
tax
taxes

By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in –o.
buffalo
buffaloes
potato
potatoes
cargo
cargoes
mosquito
mosquitoes
echo
echoes
tomato
tomatoes

By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending in –o.
banjo
banjos
patio
patios
bamboo
bamboos
photo
photos
radio
radios                        
video
videos

By replacing ‘y’ with –ies.
baby
babies
lorry
lorries
fly
flies
navy
navies
hobby
hobbies                     
puppy
puppies

By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending in –y.
boy
boys
key
keys
day
days
toy
toys
donkey
donkeys                    
turkey
turkeys

By replaying ‘f’ or ‘fe’ with –ves.
calf
calves
loaf
loaves
half
halves
self
selves
life
lives                          
wife
wives

By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending in –f or –fe.
chief
chiefs
hoof
hoofs
dwarf
dwarfs
reef
reefs
gulf
gulfs                          
roof
roofs

By changing vowels.      
foot
feet
louse
lice
goose
geese
tooth
teeth
mouse
mice                          
woman
women
Some nouns have same words for plural and singular.
aircraft
aircraft
music
music
crossroads
crossroads
series
series
furniture
furniture                   
sheep
sheep

Exceptional plural.
child
children
ox
oxen
crisis
crises
passer-by
passers-by
mouse
mice                        
radius
radii

FORMING NOUNS

Nouns can be formed from nouns, verbs and adjectives. They are formed by adding certain letters to them.
Nouns
Nouns
widow
widowhood
friend
friendship
king
kingdom

Verbs
Nouns
add
addition
fail
failure
give
gift

Adjectives
Nouns
clean
cleanliness
sad
sadness
beautiful
beauty