วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 12 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2555

บทที่4 - คำกิริยาวิเศษณ์ Adverbs

( 4)  ADVERBS
An adverb adds more to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
.I called you last night. (called=verb; last night=adverb)
Your dress is very beautiful. (beautiful=adjective; very=adverb)
The rain stopped quite suddenly. (suddenly=adverb; quite=adverb) 
Types of Adverbs
Adverb of Time – This shows when an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question “When?” It is either placed at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
Example: I phoned you yesterday. / I saw her walking along the river last week
Adverb of Place – This shows where an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question “Where?” It is placed after the verb.
Example: I live here. / He fell down
Adverb of Manner – This shows how an action or something is done. It answers the question “How?” It is usually placed just after the verb.
Example: She sleeps soundly. / He drives quickly.  
Adverb of Degree or Quantity – This answers the questions, “To what degree?” or “How much?” It is usually placed before the adjective and the adverb.
Example: It is too dark for us to see anything. / Last night it rained veryheavily.. 
Adverb of Frequency – This answers the question “How often?
Example: He will never have finished in time. / We always go to school by bus.     
Affirmative Adverb (yesand Adverb of negation (No)
Exampleyessurelycertainlyindeedby all means, nonot at allby no means
Interrogative Adverb (QuestionFor example: When? Where? How? Why? How much/often?    
Relative Adverbwhen, where, how, why These words are the same in form as Interrogative Adverbs; but they are not questions.
Example: The time when he arrived. / The scene where the accident occurred. / He knows how to do it. / The reason why he left. 
Comparison of Adverbs 
Similar to the comparison of adjectives, adverbs have three degrees of comparison – the Positive, the Comparative and the Superlative. Most adverbs which end in ‘-ly’ form the Comparative with ‘more’ and the Superlative with ‘most’.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
comfortably
more comfortably
most comfortably
happily
more happily
most happily
kindly
more kindly
most kindly
loudly
more loudly
most loudly
noisily
more noisily
most noisily
  
Forming Adverbs  Adverbs can be formed from nounsadjectives andverbs. Most adverbs end in ‘-ly’.
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
beauty


beautifully
success


successfully

angry

angrily

foolish

foolishly


continue
continually


know
knowingly